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Sources on
Social Norms and Law

Christopher Fennell


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Many interdisciplinary studies of the interaction of informal social norms and formal legal rules have been conducted by legal scholars, economists and other researchers who have utilized concepts of norms from anthropology and sociology and applied them in new contexts.

Set forth below is a non-exhaustive list of books, articles, symposia, and other resources that address a number of these issues. Part I lists books, articles and symposia. Part II lists some related internet resources. Please note: Sources presenting interdisciplinary studies in Anthropology and Law are listed in a separate bibliography.

I. Books and Articles

one step at a time Agarwal, Bina. 1997. "Bargaining" and Gender Relations: Within and Beyond the Household. 3 Feminist Economics 1-51.

Akerlof, George A. 1980. A Theory of Social Custom, of Which Unemployment May Be One Consequence. 94 Quarterly Journal of Economics 749-75.

Arce M., and G. Daniel. 1996. Social Norms, Inflation and Stabilization. 8 Rationality and Society 277-94.

Axelrod, Robert. 1984. The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.

Axelrod, Robert. 1986. An Evolutionary Approach to Norms. 80 American Political Science Review 1095.

Axelrod, Robert. 1997. The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Axelrod, Robert, and Michael D. Cohen. 2000. Harnessing Complexity: Organizational Implications of a Scientific Frontier. New York: Basic Books.

Axelrod, Robert, and Robert O. Keohane 1985. Achieving Cooperation Under Anarchy: Strategies and Institutions. 38 World Politics 226-54.

Baird, Douglas R., Robert H. Gertner, and Randal C. Picker 1994. Reputation and Repeated Games. In Game Theory and the Law. Baird, Douglas R., Robert H. Gertner, and Randal C. Picker, eds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Baker, Katherine K. 1999. Sex, Rape, and Shame. 79 Boston University Law Review 663.

Balk, D. 1997. Defying Gender Norms in Rural Bangladesh: A Social Demographic Analysis. 51 Population Studies 153-72.

Berggren, Niclas. 1996. Social Order through Constitutional Choice: A Contractarian Proposal. 89 Public Choice 339-61.

Bernheim, B. Douglas. 1994. A Theory of Conformity. 102 Journal of Political Economics 841.

Bernstein, Lisa. 1992. Opting Out of the Legal System: Extralegal Contractual Relations in the Diamond Industry. 21(1) Journal of Legal Studies 115-57.

Bernstein, Lisa . 1993 Social Norms and Default Rule Analysis. 3 Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 59.

Bernstein, Lisa. 1996. Merchant Law in a Merchant Court: Rethinking the Code's Search for Immanent Business Norms. 144 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1765.

Bikchandani, Sushil, David Hirshleifer, and Ivo Welch. 1992. A Theory of Fads, Fashions, Custom, and Cultural Changes as Informational Cascades. 100 Journal of Political Economy 992.

Billet, L. 1975. Political Order and Economic Development: Reflections on Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations. 23 Political Studies 430-41.

Bilmes, Jack. 1976. Rules and Rhetoric: Negotiating the Social Order in a Thai Village. 32 Journal of Anthropological Research 44-57.

Blamey, Russell. 1997. Contingent Valuation and the Activation of Environmental Norms. 24 Ecological Economics 47-72.

Bohnet, Iris, and Bruno S. Frey 1994. Direct-Democratic Rules: The Role of Discussion. 47 Kyklos 341-54.

Bordley, Robert F. 1985. Systems Simulation Comparing Different Decision Rules. 30 Behavioral Science 230-39.

Botticini, Maristella. 1999. Social Norms and Intergenerational Transfers in a Pre-Modern Economy: Florence, 1260-1435. In ISNIE 99 (CD-ROM). Washington, DC: International Society for the New Institutional Economics.

Bowles, Samuel. 1998. Endogenous Preferences: The Cultural Consequences of Markets and Other Economic Institutions. 36 Journal of Economic Literature 75-111.

Brams, Steven J. 1994. Theory of Moves. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Brennan, Geoffrey, and James M. Buchanan 1985. The Reason of Rules: Constitutional Political Economy. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Brion, Denis J. Norms and Values in Law and Economics. In 1 Encyclopedia of Law and Economics 1041. Boudewijn Bouckaert and Gerrit de Geest, eds. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.

Bromley, Daniel W. 1978. Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Environmental Economics. 12 Journal of Economic Issues 43-60.

Brown, Darryl K. 2001. Street Crime, Corporate Crime, and the Contingency of Criminal Liability. 149 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1295.

Buckner, Taylor H. 1970. Transformations of Reality in the Legal Process. 37 Social Research 88-101.

Bull, Hedley. 1996. How is Order Maintained in World Politics? In The International Political Economy and International Institutions, Vol. 2. O. R. Young, ed. Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar. (The Library of International Political Economy, no. 10).

Burns, Tom R., and Thomas Dietz 1992. Cultural Evolution: Social Rule Systems, Selection and Human Agency. 7 International Sociology 259-83.

Cahn, Naomi. 2002. Faithless Wives and Lazy Husbands: Gender Norms in Nineteenth-Century Divorce Law. 2002 University of Illinois Law Review 651.

Cappel, Andrew J. 2003. Bringing Cultural Practice into Law: Ritual and Social Norms Jurisprudence. 43 Santa Clara Law Review 389.

Carlson, Ann E. 2001. Recycling Norms. 89 California Law Review 1231.

Carr, Jack L., and Janet T. Landa. 1983. The Economics of Symbols, Clan Names, and Religion. 12(1) Journal of Legal Studies 135-56.

Chapman, Bruce. 1998. More Easily Done Than Said: Rules, Reasons and Regional Social Choice. 18 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 293.

Charny, David. 1990. Nonlegal Sanctions in Commercial Relationships. 104 Harvard Law Review 373.

Charny, David. 1996. Illusions of a Spontaneous Order: Norms in Contractual Relationships. 144 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1841-58.

Chong, Dennis. 2000. Rational Lives: Norms and Value in Politics and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Coglianese, Cary. 1997. Assessing Consensus: The Promise and Performance of Negotiated Rulemaking. 46 Duke Law Journal 1255-1349.

Cohen, Albert K. 1971. The Rules of the Game. In The Study of Social Problems: Five Perspectives. E. Rubington and M. S. Weinberg eds., 54-62. New York: Oxford University Press.

Cohen, Dov, and Joe Vandello. 1998. Meanings of Violence. 27(2) Journal of Legal Studies pt. 2, 567-84.

Coleman, James S. 1987. Norms as Social Capital. In Economic Imperialism. The Economic Approach Applied Outside the Field of Economics. G. Radnitzky and P. Bernholz, eds. New York: Paragon House.

Coleman, James S. 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Coleman, James S. 1990. Norm-Generating Structures. In The Limits of Rationality. K. S. Cook, and M. Levi, eds., 250-73. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Coleman, James S. 1991. Constructed Organization: First Principles. 7 Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 7-23.

Comaroff, John L., and Simon A. Roberts. 1977. The Invocation of Norms in Dispute Settlement: The Tswana Case. In Social Anthropology and Law, I. Hamnett, ed. New York: Academic Press.

Comaroff, John L., and Simon A. Roberts. 1981. Rules and Processes: The Cultural Logic of Dispute in an African Context. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Cooter, Robert D. 1995. Law and Unified Social Theory. 22 Journal of Law and Society 50.

Cooter, Robert D. 1996. The Structural Approach to Adjudicating the New Law Merchant. 144 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1643.

Cooter, Robert. 1997. Normative Failure Theory of Law. 82(5) Cornell Law Review 947-79.

Cooter, Robert D. 1997. Punitive Damages, Social Norms, and Economic Analysis. 60 Law and Contemporary Problems 73.

Cooter, Robert D. 1998. Expressive Law and Economics. 27(2) Journal of Legal Studies pt 2, 585-608 (1998).

Cooter, Robert D. 2000. Three Effects of Social Norms on Law: Expression, Deterrence, and Internalization. 79 Oregon Law Review 1.

Cooter, Robert D., and Janet T. Landa. 1984. Personal vs. Impersonal Trade: The Size of Trading Groups and the Law of Contracts. 4 (June) International Review of Law and Economics 15-22.

Cooter, Robert, and Ariel Porat. 2001. Should Courts Deduct Nonlegal Sanctions From Damages? 30 Journal of Legal Studies 401-22.

Crawford, Sue E. S., and Elinor Ostrom 1995. A Grammar of Institutions. 89 American Political Science Review 582-600.

Croley, Steven P., and Jon D. Hanson. 1995. The Nonpecuniary Costs of Accidents: Pain-and-suffering Damages in Tort Law. 108 Harvard Law Review 1785.

Currie, David, and Paul Levine 1994. Rules, Reputation and Macroeconomic Policy Coordination. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Eisenberg, Melvin A. 1999. Corporate Law and Social Norms. 99 Columbia Law Review 1253.

Ellickson, Robert C. 1986. Of Coase and Cattle: Dispute Resolution Among Neighbors in Shasta County. 38 Stanford Law Review 623-87.

Ellickson, Robert C. 1987. A Critique of Economic and Sociological Theories of Social Control. 17 Journal of Legal Studies 67.

Ellickson, Robert C. 1991. Order without Law: How Neighbors Settle Disputes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Ellickson, Robert C. 1998. Law and Economics Discovers Social Norms. 27(2) Journal of Legal Studies pt. 2, 537-52.

Ellickson, Robert C. 2001. The Market for Social Norms. 3 American Law and Economics Review 1.

Elster, Jon. 1989. The Cement of Society: A Study of Social Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Elster, Jon. 1989. Social Norms and Economic Theory. 3 Journal of Economic Perspectives 99-117.

Elster, Jon. 1990. Norms of Revenge. 100 Ethics 862.

Elster, Jon, and Rune Slagstad, eds. 1993. Constitutionalism and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Ensminger, Jean, and Jack Knight. 1997. Changing Social Norms: Common Property, Bridewealth, and Clan Exogamy. 38(1) Current Anthropology 1-24.

Epstein, Joshua M., and Robert Axtell. 1996. Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science from the Bottom Up. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

Epstein, Richard A. 1992. The Path to The T.J. Hooper: The Theory and History of Custom in the Law of Tort. 21(1) Journal of Legal Studies 1-38.

Eskridge, William N., Jr. 2000. No Promo Homo: The Sedimentation of Antigay Discourse and the Channeling Effect of Judicial Review. 75 New York University Law Review 1327.

Etzioni, Amitai. 2000. Social Norms: Internalization, Persuasion, and History. 34 Law and Society Review 157.

Fehr, Ernst, and Simon Gächter. 2000. Fairness and Retaliation: The Economics of Reciprocity. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Summer 2000, 159.

Fehr, Ernst, and Simon Gächter. 2000. Fairness and Retaliation. In The Economics of Reciprocity, Giving and Altruism, L. Gérard-Varet, S. Kolm, and J. M. Ythier, eds., 153-73. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Fehr, Ernst, Erich Kirchler, and Andreas Weichbold. 1998. When Social Forces Remove the Impact of Competition: Social Exchange in Experimental Labor Markets. 16 Journal of Labor Economics 321-54.

Feldman, Yuval. 2002. An Experimental Approach to the Study of Social Norms: The Allocation of Intellectual Property Rights in the Workplace. 10 Journal of Intellectual Property Law 59.

Fennell, Lee A. 1994. Interdependence and Choice in Distributive Justice: The Welfare Conundrum. 1994 Wisconsin Law Review 235.

Fennell, Lee A. 2001. Beyond Exit and Voice: User Participation in the Production of Local Public Goods. 80 Texas Law Review 1.

Fennell, Lee A. 2002. Homes Rule: The Homevoter Hypothesis: How Home Values Influence Local Government Taxation, School Finance, and Land-Use Policies. 112 Yale Law Journal 617.

Feyerherm, Ann E. 1995. Changing and Converging Mind-Sets of Participants During Collaborative, Environmental Rule Making: Two Negotiated Regulation Case Studies. In Sustaining the Natural Environment: Empirical Studies on the Interface between Nature and Organizations. D. Collins and M. Starik eds. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Field, Alexander J. 1979. Microeconomics, Socialization, and Norms. Institute for Research on Educational Finance and Governance, School of Education, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA. (Program Report, no. 79-A15).

Field, Alexander J. 1979. On the Explanation of Rules Using Rational Choice Models. 13 Journal of Economic Issues 49-72.

Flanagan, James F., and Steven Rayner, eds. 1988. Rules, Decisions, and Inequality in Equalitarian Societies. Brookfield, VT: Gower.

Frank, Robert H. 1985. Choosing the Right Pond: Human Behavior and the Quest for Status. New York: Oxford University Press.

Frank, Robert H. 1987. If Homo Erectus Could Choose His Own Utility Function, Would He Want One with a Conscience? 77 American Economic Review 593.

Fremling, Gertrud M., and Richard A. Posner. 1999. Status Signaling and the Law, With Particular Application to Sexual Harassment. 147(5) University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1069-109.

Frey, Bruno S. 1996. Fair Siting Procedures: An Empirical Analysis of Their Importance and Characteristics. 15 Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 353-76.

Frey, Bruno S., and Iris Bohnet. 1996. Cooperation, Communication and Communitarianism: An Experimental Approach. 4 Journal of Political Philosophy 322-36.

Gardner, Roy, and Elinor Ostrom. 1991. Rules and Games. 70 Public Choice 121-49.

Geisinger, Alex. 2002. A Belief Change Theory of Expressive Law. 88 Iowa Law Review 35.

Gibbs, Christopher J. N., and Daniel W. Bromley. 1989. Institutional Arrangements for Management of Rural Resources: Common-Property Regimes. In Common Property Resources: Ecology and Community-Based Sustainable Development. F. Berkes, ed. London: Belhaven.

Gilman, Daniel. 2002. Of Fruitcakes and Patriot Games. 90 Georgetown Law Journal 2387.

Gneezy, Uri, and Aldo Rustichini. 2000. A Fine is a Price. 29 Journal of Legal Studies 1-17.

Goodman, Ryan. 2001. Beyond the Enforcement Principle: Sodomy Laws, Social Norms, and Social Panoptics. 89 California Law Review 643.

Gouldner, Alvin W. 1954. About the Functions of Bureaucratic Rules. In Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy. New York: The Free Press.

Gouldner, Alvin W. 1960. The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement. 25 American Sociology Review 161.

Greenhouse, Carol J. 1982. Looking at Culture, Looking for Rules. 17(1) Man (NS) 58-73.

Greif, Avner, Paul Milgram, and Barry R. Weingast. 1994. Coordination, Commitment, and Enforcement: The Case of the Merchant Guild. 102(4) Journal of Political Economy 745-76.

Haber, Joram G., and Mark S. Halfon, eds. 1998. Norms and Values: Essays on the Works of Virginia Held. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

Hanna, Susan S., Carl Folke, and Karl-Gören Mäler, eds. 1996. Rights to Nature; Ecological, Economic, Cultural, and Political Principles of Institutions for the Environment. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Harcourt, Bernard E. 1998. Reflecting on the Subject: A Critique of the Social Influence Conception of Deterrence, the Broken Windows Theory, and Order-maintenance Policing New York Style. 97 Michigan Law Review 291.

Harcourt, Bernard E. 2000. After the "Social Meaning Turn:" Implications for Research Design and Methods of Proof in Contemporary Criminal Law Policy Analysis. 34 Law and Society Review 179.

Hardin, Russell. 1990. Contractarianism: Wistful Thinking. 1 Constitutional Political Economy 35-52.

Hasen, Richard L. 1996. Voting without Law? 144 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 2135.

Hay, Jonathan R., and Andrei Schleifer. 1998. Private Enforcement of Public Laws: A Theory of Legal Reform. 88 American Economic Review 398-403.

Hayami, Yujiro. 1998. Norms and Rationality in the Evolution of Economic Systems: A View from Asian Villages. 49 Japanese Economic Review 36-53.

Heckathorn, Douglas D., and Robert S. Broadhead. 1996. Rational Choice, Public Policy and AIDS. 8 Rationality and Society 235-60.

Hegmann, Horst. 1997. Differing World-Views and Collective Action: The Case of Research. 8 Constitutional Political Economy 179-94.

Heiner, Ronald A. 1990. Rule-Governed Behavior in Evolution and Human Society. 1 Constitutional Political Economy 19-46.

Henrich, Joseph, et al. 2001. In Search of Homo Economicus: Behavioral Experiments in Fifteen Small-Scale Societies. 91 American Economic Review 73.

Hetcher, Steven A. 1999. Creating Safe Social Norms in a Dangerous World. 73 Southern California Law Review 1.

Hetcher, Steven A. 2001. Norm Proselytizers Create A Privacy Entitlement in Cyberspace. 16 Berkeley Technology L aw Journal 877.

Hill, Claire A. 2001. Theory Informs Business Practice: A Comment on Language and Norms in Complex Business Contracting. 77 Chicago-Kent Law Review 29.

Hodgson, Geoffrey M. 1998. The Approach of Institutional Economics. 36 Journal of Economic Literature 166-92.

Hoffman, Elizabeth, et al. 1996. Social Distance and Other-Regarding Behavior in Dictator Games. 86 American Economic Review 653.

Hoffman, Elizabeth, et al. 1998. Behavioral Foundations of Reciprocity: Experimental Economics and Evolutionary Psychology. 36 Economic Inquiry 335.

Holland, John H. 1975. The General Setting. In Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Holland, John H. et al. 1986. Modeling the Physical and Social Worlds. In Induction: Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Holland, John H. et al. 1986. Rule-Based Mental Models. In Induction: Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Huang, Peter H., and Ho-Mou Wu. 1994. More Order without More Law: A Theory of Social Norms and Organizational Cultures. 10 Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 390.

Hyman, David A. 2001. Market Change, Social Norms, and the Trust "Reposed in the Workmen." 30 Journal of Legal Studies 531.

Johnston, Jason S. 1996. The Statute of Frauds and Business Norms: A Testable Game-Theoretic Model. 144 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1859.

Jolls, Christine, et al. 2000. A Behavioral Approach to Law and Economics. In Sunstein, ed., 2000, 13.

Jones, William K. 1994. A Theory of Social Norms. 1994 University of Illinois Law Review 545.

Kahan, Dan M. 1997. Social Influence, Social Meaning, and Deterrence. 83 Virginia Law Review 349.

Kahan, Dan M. 1998. Social Meaning and the Economic Analysis of Crime. 27(2) Journal of Legal Studies pt. 2, 609-22.

Kahan, Dan M. 2002. Reciprocity, Collective Action, and Community Policing. 90 California Law Review 1513.

Kahan, Dan M. 2002. Signaling or Reciprocating? A Response to Eric Posner's "Law and Social Norms." 36 University of Richmond Law Review 367.

Kahan, Dan M., and Eric A. Posner. 1999. Shaming White-collar Criminals: A Proposal for Reform of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. 42(1, Pt. 2) Journal of Law and Economics 365-91.

Kahneman, Daniel, Paul Slovic, and Amos Tversky. 1974. Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kaplow, Louis, and Steven Shavell. 2001. Fairness versus Welfare. 114 Harvard Law Review 961.

Katyal, Neal K. 2001. Criminal Law in Cyberspace. 149 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1003.

Kaufmann, Arnold. 1974. The Science of Decision-making: An Introduction to Praxeology. New York: McGraw-Hill Book.

Kiesling, Herbert J. 1968. Potential Costs of Alternative Decision-Making Rules. 4 Public Choice 51-58.

Kindt, John W., and John K. Palchak. 2002. Legalized Gambling's Destabilization of U.S. Financial Institutions and the Banking Industry: Issues in Bankruptcy, Credit, and Social Norm Production. 19 Bankruptcy Developments Journal 21.

Kliemt, H., and B. Schauenberg. 1986. Coalitions and Hierarchies: Some Observations on the Fundamentals of Human Cooperation. In Coalitions and Collective Action. M. J. Holler, ed. Wuerzburg, Germany: Physika-Verlag.

Knight, Jack, and Jean Ensminger. 1998. Conflict Over Changing Social Norms: Bargaining, Ideology, and Enforcement. In New Institutionalism in Sociology. M. C. Brinton and V. Nee, eds., 105-126. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Knight, Jack, and Lee Epstein. 1996. The Norm of Stare Decisis. 40 American Journal of Political Science 1018-35.

Kraus, Jody S. 1997. Legal Design and the Evolution of Commercial Norms. 26 Journal of Legal Studies 337.

Krieger, Linda H. 2000. Afterword: Socio-Legal Backlash. 21 Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law 476.

Kuran, Timur. 1998. Ethnic Norms and Their Transformation through Reputational Cascades. 27(2) Journal of Legal Studies pt. 2, 623-60.

Landa, Janet. 1981. A Theory of the Ethnically Homogeneous Middleman Group: An Institutional Alternative to Contract Law. 10(2) Journal of Legal Studies 349-62.

Landa, Janet. 1994. Trust, Ethnicity, and Identity: Beyond the New Institutional Economics of Ethnic Trading Networks, Contract Law, and Gift-Exchange. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Landa, Janet. 2005. Bounded Rationality of Homo Classificus: The Law and Bioeconomics of Social Norms as Classification. 80(3) Chicago-Kent Law Review 1167-80.

Lee, Li-Ju. 1999. Law and Social Norms in a Changing Society: A Case Study of Taiwanese Family Law. 8 Southern California Review of Law and Women's Studies 413.

Lee, Sanghack. 1995. Endogenous Sharing Rules in Collective-Group Rent-Seeking. 85 Public Choice 31-44.

Leitzel, Jim. 1997. Breaking the Rules and Making the Rules; Evasion, Avoidance, and Policy Reform. 29 Policy Sciences 247-69.

Lessig, Lawrence. 1995. The Regulation of Social Meaning. 62 University of Chicago Law Review 943.

Lessig, Lawrence. 1996. Social Meaning and Social Norms. 144 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 2181.

Lessig, Lawrence. 1998. The New Chicago School. 27(2) Journal of Legal Studies pt. 2, 661-92.

Levi, Margaret. 1981. The Predatory Theory of Rule. 10 Politics and Society 431-65.

Levi, Margaret. 1988. Of Rule and Revenue. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Levin, Daniel B. 2002. Building Social Norms on the Internet. 4 Yale Symp. Law and Technology 9.

Levmore, Saul. 1996. The Anonymity Tool. 144 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 2191.

Levmore, Saul. 2000. Norms as Supplements. 86 Virginia Law Review 1989.

Libby, Lawrence W. 1998. Implementing Good Intentions: How Rules and Procedures May Alter Resource Policy Outcomes. In Increasing Understanding of Public Problems and Policies-1997. D. P. Ernstes and D. M. Hicks, eds., 136-152. Oak Brook: Farm Foundation.

Lindbeck, A., S. Nyberg, and J. W. Weibull. 1999. Social Norms and Economic Incentives in the Welfare State. 114 Quarterly Journal of Economics 1-35.

Llewellyn, Karl N., and E. Adamson Hoebel. 1941. A Theory of Investigation. In The Cheyenne Way. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

MacCauley, Stewart. 1963. Non-contractual Relations in Business. 28 American Sociology Review 55.

Madison, Kristin. 2001. Government, Signaling and Social Norms. 2001 University of Illinois Law Review 867.

Mahoney, Paul G., and Chris W. Sanchirico. 2001. Competing Norms and Social Evolution: Is the Fittest Norm Efficient? 149(6) University of Pennsylvania Law Review 2027-62.

Majeski, Stephen J. 1990. Comment: An Alternative Approach to the Generation and Maintenance of Norms. In The Limits of Rationality. K. S. Cook and M. Levi, eds., 273-281. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Major, April M. 2000. Norm Origin and Development in Cyberspace: Models of Cybernorm Evolution. 78 Washington University Law Quarterly 59.

March, James G. 1957. Measurement Concepts in the Theory of Influence. 19 Journal of Politics 202-26.

Martin, Michael W., and Jane Sell. 1986. Rejection of Authority: The Importance of Type of Distribution Rule and Extent of Benefit. 67 Social Science Quarterly 855-68.

Massaro, Toni M. 1997. The Meanings of Shame: Implications for Legal Reform. 3 Psychology, Public Policy and Law 645.

McAdams, Richard H. 1995. Cooperation and Conflict: The Economics of Group Status Production and Race Discrimination. 108 Harvard Law Review 1003.

McAdams, Richard H. 1996. Group Norms, Gossip, and Blackmail. 144 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 2237.

McAdams, Richard H. 1997. The Origins, Development, and Regulation of Norms. 96 Michigan Law Review 338-433.

McAdams, Richard H. 1997. Comment: Accounting for Norms. 1997 Wisconsin Law Review 625.

McAdams, Richard H. 2001. Signaling Discount Rates: Law, Norms, and Economic Methodology. 110 Yale Law Journal 625.

McAdams, Richard, and Eric B. Rasmussen. 2005. Norms in Law and Economics. Available online at http://www.rasmusen.org/papers/norms.pdf. Forthcoming in Handbook of Law and Economics. A. Mitchell Polinsky and Steven Shavell, editors (2006).

McKelvey, Richard D., and Peter C. Ordeshook. 1984. An Experimental Study of the Effects of Procedural Rules on Committee Behavior. 48 Journal of Politics 182-205.

Meltzer, Leo. 1963. Comparing Relationships of Individual and Average Variables to Individual Response. 28 American Sociological Review 117-23.

Merges, Robert P. 1996. Contracting into Liability Rules: Intellectual Property Rights and Collective Rights Organizations. 84 California Law Review 1293-1393.

Messerschmidt, Donald A. 1976. The Gurungs of Nepal: Conflict and Change in a Village Society. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips.

Milgrom, Paul R., Douglass C. North, and Barry R. Weingast. 1990. The Role of Institutions in the Revival of Trade: The Law Merchant, Private Judges, and the Champagne Fairs. 2(1) Economics and Politics 1-23.

Mills, Roderick M. 1997. You Say You Want a Revolution? The Case Against Transformation of Culture through Antidiscrimination Law. 95 Michigan Law Review 1588.

Mitchell, Lawrence E. 1999. Understanding Norms. 49 University of Toronto Law Journal 177.

Muller, Harald. 1996. The Internationalization of Principles, Norms, and Rules by Governments: The Case of Security Regimes. In The International Political Economy and International Institutions; Vol. 2. O. R. Young, ed. Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar.

Mutua, Makau Wa. 1996. Limitations on Religious Rights: Problematizing Religious Freedom in the African Context. In Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives. J. D. van der Byber and J. Witte, eds., 417-40. Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

Nadelmann, Ethan A. 1990. Global Prohibition Regimes: The Evolution of Norms in International Society. 44 International Organization 479-526.

Noh, S. J. 1999. A General Equilibrium Model of Two Group Conflict with Endogenous Intra-Group Sharing Rules. 98 Public Choice 251-67.

Nussbaum, Martha C. 1998. "Whether from Reason or Prejudice:" Taking Money for Bodily Services. 27(2) Journal of Legal Studies pt. 2, 693-724.

Onuf, Nicholas Greenwood. 1989. World of Our Marking: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press.

Ostrom, Elinor. 1992. The Rudiments of a Theory of the Origins, Survival, and Performance of Common-Property Institutions. In Making the Commons Work: Theory, Practice, and Policy. D. W. Bromley, ed., 293-318. San Francisco, California: Institute for Contemporary Studies.

Ostrom, Elinor. 1995. Self-Organization and Social Capital. 4 Industrial and Corporate Change 131-59.

Ostrom, Elinor. 1998. Scales, Polycentricity, and Incentives: Designing Complexity to Govern Complexity. In Protection of Global Biodiversity: Converging Strategies. L. D. Guruswamy and J. A. McNeely, eds., 149-167. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Ostrom, Elinor. 1998. A Behavioral Approach to the Rational-Choice Theory of Collective Action. 92 American Political Science Review 1-22.

Ostrom, Elinor. 1999. Coping with Tragedies of the Commons. 2 Annual Review of Political Science.

Ostrom, Elinor, Roy Gardner, and James M. Walker. 1994. Rules, Games, and Common-Pool Resources. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Ostrom, Elinor et al. 1999. Revisiting the Commons: Local Lessons, Global Challenges. 284 Science 278-82.

Ostrom, Vincent. 1984. Why Governments Fail: An Inquiry into the Use of Instruments of Evil to do Good. In The Theory of Public Choice -- II. J. M. Buchanan and R. D. Tollison, eds. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Ostrom, Vincent. 1995. The Constitutive Character of Norms in Human Societies. 4 Hong Kong Public Administration 161-79.

Overman, Todd R. 2002. Shame on You: Campaign Finance Reform Through Social Norms. 55 Vanderbilt Law Review 1243.

Picker, Randal C. 1997. Simple Games in a Complex World: A Generative Approach to the Adoption of Norms (Article and CD-Rom). 64 University of Chicago Law Review 1225-88.

Pildes, Richard H. 1996. The Destruction of Social Capital through Law. 144 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 2055.

Pildes, Richard H. 1998. Why Rights Are Not Trumps: Social Meanings, Expressive Harms, and Constitutionalism. 27(2) Journal of Legal Studies pt. 2, 725-64.

Posner, Eric A. 1996. The Regulation of Groups: The Influence of Legal and Nonlegal Sanctions on Collective Action. 63 University of Chicago Law Review 133.

Posner, Eric A. 1996. Law, Economics, and Inefficient Norms. 144 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1697-744.

Posner, Eric A. 1997. Is Law an Autonomous Discipline?: Standards, Rules, and Social Norms. 21 Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 101.

Posner, Eric A. 1998. Symbols, Signals, and Social Norms in Politics and the Law. 27(2) Journal of Legal Studies pt. 2, 765-98.

Posner, Eric A. 2000. Law and Social Norms: The Case of Tax Compliance. 86 Virginia Law Review 1781.

Posner, Eric A. 2000. Law and Social Norms. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Posner, Richard A. 1997. Social Norms and the Law: An Economic Approach. 87 American Economic Review 365.

Posner, Richard A. 1998. Social Norms, Social Meaning, and Economic Analysis of Law: A Comment. 27(2) Journal of Legal Studies pt. 2, 553-66.

Putney, Snell, and Russel Middleton. 1962. Ethical Relativism and Anomia. 62 The American Journal of Sociology 430-38.

Rachlinski, Jeffrey J. 2000. Symposium on Law, Psychology, and the Emotions: The Limits of Social Norms. 74 Chicago-Kent Law Review 1537.

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Symposia:
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    1997. The Nature and Sources, Formal and Informal, of Law. 82 Cornell Law Review 947.

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Vandenbergh, Michael P. 2001. The Social Meaning of Environmental Command and Control. 20 Virginia Environmental Law Journal 191.

Vandenbergh, Michael P. 2003. Beyond Elegance: A Testable Typology of Social Norms in Corporate Environmental Compliance. 22 Stanford Environmental Law Journal 55.

Wald, Eli. 2001. An Unlikely Knight in Economic Armor: Law and Economics in Defense of Professional Ideals. 31 Seton Hall Law Review 1042.

Waldeck, Sarah E. 2000. Cops, Community Policing, and the Social Norms Approach to Crime Control: Should One Make Us More Comfortable with the Others? 34 Georgia Law Review 1253.

Waldman, Ellen E. 1996. How to Ensure Mediator Competence While Preserving Diversity. 30 University of San Francisco Law Review 723.

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Wildavsky, Aaron. 1991. Can Norms Rescue Self-Interest or Macro Explanation Be Joined to Micro Explanation? 5 Critical Review 301-23.

Wildavsky, Aaron. 1985. Budgets as Social Orders. JAI Press.

Yamagishi, Toshio, and Nobuyuki Takahashi 1994. Evolution of Norms without Metanorms. In Social Dilemmas and Cooperation. U. Schulz, W. Albers, and U. Meuller, eds. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Yngvesson, Barbara. 1993. Beastly Neighbors: Continuing Relations in Cattle Country. 102 Yale Law Journal 1787.

II. Internet Resources

Some related, online bibliographies:
http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/wsl/bibs.html

Law and Economics resources:
http://lawecon.lp.findlaw.com/index.html

Distributive Justice web site:
http://www.distributive-justice.com

Int'l Ass'n for Study of Common Property:
http://www.indiana.edu/%7Eiascp/

Ernst Fehr's Research on Fairness and Reciprocity:
http://www.iew.unizh.ch/home/fehr/publications_3.html

Interview with Eric Posner:
http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/001005/posner.shtml

Norms Social and Legal, by Richard Epstein:
http://www.bsos.umd.edu/pegs/Winter_96/Epstein_1.htm

Social Science Research Network:
http://www.ssrn.com/

Internet Resources for Law and Anthropology:
Internet Sources on Anthropology and Law

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